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Monday, 6 March 2017

Curvature and symmetry about a point

Motivated by one of the proposed exercises today, we observe that the curve y=x3, which is symmetric about the origin of the plane, satisfies that the curvature at the point x is the opposite in x: look in which side lies the graph of y=x3 around x. Thus we prove the next result:

Result. If α:IR2 is a planar curve which is symmetric about  a point p0α(I), then κ(s)=κ(s). Here we are assuming that α(0)=p.

After a translation and without loss of generality, we suppose that p0=(0,0). Say that α is symmetric about the origin means α(s)=Mα(s), where M is the symmetry, that is, Mx=x. Thus α(s)=α(s).  Let β(s)=α(s). Then κβ(s)=κα(s). On the other hand, the curve γ(s)=α(s) is a direct rigid motion of α, so κγ(s)=κα(s). Since κγ(s)=κβ(s), we conclude κα(s)=κα(s).
This can be checked for curves that are graphs of y=f(x) where we know that κα(x)=f(x)(1+f(x)2)3/2. Denote α the curve y=f(x). As f is symmetric about the origin, then f(x)=f(x). The curvature of y=g(x), where g(x)=f(x) is
g(x)=f(x),g(x)=f(x)κg(x)=f(x)(1+f(x)2)3/2.
The curvature of y=h(x) is h(x)=f(x),h(x)=f(x)κh(x)=f(x)(1+f(x)2)3/2. Since the curvatures of both graphs coincide, we have κf(x)=f(x)(1+f(x)2)3/2=f(x)(1+f(x)2)3/2=κf(x).
The converse is also true:

Theorem. If α:I=(a,a)R2 is a planar curve  such that κ(s)=κ(s), then the graphic of α is symmetric about  the point p=α(0).

After a translation, we suppose α(0)=(0,0). Define two curves: β(s)=α(s) and γ(s)=α(s). We compute their curvatures. For β, κβ(s)=κ(s) and for γ, κγ(s)=κ(s) because the symmetry is a direct rigid motion.  By hypothesis, κγ(s)=κβ(s) so there is a direct rigid motion M such that γ(s)=Mβ(s). Because γ(0)=α(0)=β(0) and γ(0)=β(0) (check!), then their normal vector also coincide at s=0. Then M must be the identity, proving the result.

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