Motivated by one of the proposed exercises today, we observe that the curve y=x3, which is symmetric about the origin of the plane, satisfies that the curvature at the point −x is the opposite in x: look in which side lies the graph of y=x3 around x. Thus we prove the next result:
Result. If α:I→R2 is a planar curve which is symmetric about a point p0∈α(I), then κ(−s)=−κ(s). Here we are assuming that α(0)=p.
After a translation and without loss of generality, we suppose that p0=(0,0). Say that α is symmetric about the origin means α(−s)=Mα(s), where M is the symmetry, that is, Mx=−x. Thus α(−s)=−α(s). Let β(s)=α(−s). Then κβ(s)=−κα(−s). On the other hand, the curve γ(s)=−α(s) is a direct rigid motion of α, so κγ(s)=κα(s). Since κγ(s)=κβ(s), we conclude −κα(−s)=κα(s).
This can be checked for curves that are graphs of y=f(x) where we know that κα(x)=f″(x)(1+f′(x)2)3/2. Denote α the curve y=f(x). As f is symmetric about the origin, then f(−x)=−f(x). The curvature of y=g(x), where g(x)=f(−x) is
g′(x)=−f′(−x),g″(x)=f″(−x)⇒κg(x)=f″(−x)(1+f′(−x)2)3/2.
The curvature of y=−h(x) is h′(x)=−f′(x),h″(x)=−f″(x)⇒κh(x)=−f″(x)(1+f′(x)2)3/2. Since the curvatures of both graphs coincide, we have κf(−x)=f″(−x)(1+f′(−x)2)3/2=−f″(x)(1+f′(x)2)3/2=−κf(x).
The converse is also true:
Theorem. If α:I=(−a,a)→R2 is a planar curve such that κ(−s)=−κ(s), then the graphic of α is symmetric about the point p=α(0).
After a translation, we suppose α(0)=(0,0). Define two curves: β(s)=α(−s) and γ(s)=−α(s). We compute their curvatures. For β, κβ(s)=−κ(−s) and for γ, κγ(s)=κ(s) because the symmetry is a direct rigid motion. By hypothesis, κγ(s)=κβ(s) so there is a direct rigid motion M such that γ(s)=Mβ(s). Because γ(0)=α(0)=β(0) and γ′(0)=β′(0) (check!), then their normal vector also coincide at s=0. Then M must be the identity, proving the result.
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