Showing posts with label Frenet. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Frenet. Show all posts

Friday, 7 April 2017

On surfaces of revolution (II)

The idea about the concept of a surface of revolution is as 'something that rotates'. However there is a characterization of this class of surfaces in terms of the tangent planes. It is not difficult to see that in a surface of revolution the normal lines through any point meets the rotation axis. Now, and it is here the surprise, this property characterizes a surface of revolution. Thus the result is the following.

Theorem. If all normal lines in a surface meet a given straight-line $L$, then the surface is included in a surface of revolution and $L$ is the rotation axis.

The proof consists into prove that the intersection of any orthogonal plane to $L$ with the surface $S$ is a circle centered at $L$. Then it suffices to finish the result: the surface is formed by the union of (arcs of)  circles centered at $L$ and this is just the definition of a surface of revolution. Denote by $N$ the unit normal vector to $S$.

First step. Let $P$ be a orthogonal plane to $L$ that meets $S$. In particular, for any $p\in S\cap P$, $P\not= T_pS$: on the contrary, the normal line is parallel to $L$ so it does not meet $L$. Thus  $S$ and $P$ meet transversally and $S\cap P$ can parametrized as a regular curve, namely, $\alpha=\alpha(s)$. 

Second step. The normal line of $\alpha$, as curve of ${\mathbb R}^3$, meets $L$. First, recall that the normal line is included in $P$. Furthermore, the normal vector $n(s)$ of $\alpha$ at $s$ is orthogonal to $\alpha'(s)$, which lies in $P$. But the orthogonal projection $\pi(N(\alpha(s)))$ of $N(\alpha(s))$ on $P$ is also a vector orthogonal to $\alpha'(s)$. Thus $n(s)$ and $N(\alpha(s))$ are collinear. Since the normal line through $\alpha(s)$ meets $L$, the same occurs for the line through $\alpha(s)$ and with direction $\pi(N(\alpha(s)))$. 

Third step. The only planar curve whose normal lines meet at one point $p_0$ is a circle centered at $p_0$. Indeed, for each $s\in I$, there exists $\lambda(s)$ such that $p_0=\alpha(s)+\lambda n(s)$, where we are assuming that $\alpha$ is parametrized by the length-arc. If we differentiate with respect to $s$ and using the Frenet equations, we obtain, $$0=\alpha'(s)+\lambda'(s)n(s)-\lambda(s)\kappa(s)\alpha'(s).$$ This proves that $\lambda'=0$ on $I$, that is, $\lambda$ is a non-zero constant and $1-\lambda(s)\kappa(s)=0$, so $\kappa(s)=1/\lambda$, that is, $\alpha$ is included in a circle. 

Wednesday, 22 February 2017

Curvas y ecuaciones diferenciales: teorema de existencia

Recordemos la matriz que aparece en las ecuaciones de Frenet:
$$A=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0&\kappa&0\\ -\kappa&0&\tau\\ 0&-\tau&0\end{array}\right).$$
Podemos escribir las ecuaciones de Frenet del siguiente modo: si $$f(s)=\left(\begin{array}{l} T(s)\\ N(s)\\ B(s)\end{array}\right)\in \mathbb{R}^9,$$ entonces $f'(s)=A(s)f(s)$. Si pensamos en una ecuaciones diferencial (vectorial), donde $f$ es la incógnita, el problema de valores iniciales que tenemos es el siguiente: dadas funciones $\kappa,\tau:I\subset \mathbb{R}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ diferenciables con $\kappa>0$, ¿existe una solución de dicha ecuación diferencial para unos valores iniciales dados? El resultado clásico de existencia dice que sí y que es única siempre que prefijemos el valor en un instante $s_0$. En nuestro caso $f(s_0)$ sería tres vectores que forman una base ortonormal.

Cuando ya tengamos la función $f(s)$ (que llega a $\mathbb{R}^9$, nos quedamos con las tres primeras coordenadas, que deberían corresponder con el vector tangente de 'alguna curva'. Si $g(s)=(f_1(s),f_2(s),f_3(s))$ son esas primera tres coordenadas, basta ahora definir la curva $$\alpha(s)=\int_{s_0}^s g(u)du.$$
¿Qué quedaría por hacer? Probar que la curvatura y torsión de $\alpha$ es justamente las funciones dadas inicialmente, es decir, $\kappa$ y $\tau$. Pero esto es simplemente computar... probando que $\alpha$ está p.p.a., ... luego que el triedro de Frenet de la curva $\alpha$ es $T(s)=(f_1(s),f_2(s),f_3(s))$, $N(s)=(f_4(s),f_5(s),f_6(s))$ y $B(s)=(f_7(s),f_8(s),f_9(s))$... luego hallar las derivadas, y finalmente poner las definiciones de curvatura y torsión. Pero esto lo dejo al alumno interesado.

Por tanto hemos probado el siguiente resultado:

Teorema. Dadas dos funciones diferenciables $\kappa,\tau:I\subset \mathbb{R}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$   con $\kappa>0$, existe una curva con curvatura $\kappa$ y torsión $\tau$.

Finalmente una observación. La matriz $A$ es antisimétrica, es decir, $A^t=-A$. ¿Qué interpretación podemos sacar de ello?

Una propiedad de las matrices antisimétricas de orden $3$ (análogamente para las de orden $2$) es que la imagen de un vector por dichas matrices es un vector perpendicular al inicial (Ejercicio). Así, si $v\in\mathbb{R}^3$, entonces $Av\perp v$.